I’m not sure if I understand the problem correctly.
You have your target board and you flash it via an ST-Link and the SWD interface.
But you do not have a UART interface and adapter, so no COM port is visible?
Or do you have a USB-UART adapter connected to the board but cannot get any output to show up? Does a regular firmware with Serial.println() give output?
Well with just the SWD interface on the STLink you could still attempt to print the results via the Semi-hosting interface (among other things). Try following this issue first to get a basic firmware up and running that uses semihosting to the point where you can see the output.
From there you can extend the unit test transport code to use semihosting, as outlined in the documentation.