The Virtual COM port (VCP) driver isn’t very important, that’s just the serial / UART interface. The firmware is uploaded via the SWD interface that is handled by the “ST-Link Debug” device.
…Hm. After going through my list above I’d then suggest you actually uninstall ST-Link Utility, uninstall the device from the device manager, make sure it’s an “unknown device” then after re-plugging it, and then try the drivers that are installed when installing STM32CubeProg - STM32CubeProgrammer software for all STM32 - STMicroelectronics.
But, one thing at a time.