Is there a quick way to add a new board based on a fork of an existing platform?

If you just want to add a new board, then no, no need to fork the platform. You can create a boards/ folder in your project and put the board JSON definition there. This is documented.

See e.g. example in M5stack Paper help, helloworld does not execute, default platform.ini seems broken. I have a working guess - #7 by maxgerhardt