How could the main.cpp read the parameters at platformio.ini?

PlatformIO IDE
3

You can push the upload settings in its environment, then the build environment which uses it extends it, and then you can generate build_flags additionally. See docs regarding e.g. common_env_data.

I tested this technique with a minimal platformio.ini and an Uno

[upload_settings]
upload_port = COM14
upload_speed = 115200
monitor_speed = 9600

[env:uno]
platform = atmelavr
board = uno
framework = arduino 
; automatically inherit attributes from upload_settings
extends = upload_settings
; make some settings visible as macros
; string-escape string values, integers are passed as normal
build_flags = 
  -D UPLOAD_PORT=\"${upload_settings.upload_port}\"
  -D UPLOAD_SPEED=${upload_settings.upload_speed}
  -D MONITOR_SPEED=${upload_settings.monitor_speed}

code

#include <Arduino.h>
void setup() {
    Serial.begin(9600);
    Serial.println("This firmware was uploaded from " + String(UPLOAD_PORT));
    Serial.println("At " + String(UPLOAD_SPEED) + " baud.");
    Serial.println("Monitor speed was " + String(MONITOR_SPEED) + " baud.");

}
void loop() {}

prints

This firmware was uploaded from COM14
At 115200 baud.
Monitor speed was 9600 baud.

For your concrete platformio.ini you can e.g. try…

[upload_settings]
upload_port = COM15
upload_speed = 115200
monitor_speed = 9600

[env:wiscore_rak4631]
platform = nordicnrf52
board = wiscore_rak4631
framework = arduino
lib_deps = 
    ArduinoModbus
    closedcube/ClosedCube OPT3001@^1.1.2
    boschsensortec/BSEC Software Library @ ^1.6.1480
    beegee-tokyo/SX126x-Arduino@^1.2.1
build_flags =
   -L".pio/libdeps/wiscore_rak4631/BSEC Software Library/src/cortex-m4/fpv4-sp-d16-hard"
   -DREGION_AU915
   -D UPLOAD_PORT=\"${upload_settings.upload_port}\"
   -D UPLOAD_SPEED=${upload_settings.upload_speed}
   -D MONITOR_SPEED=${upload_settings.monitor_speed}
extends = upload_settings
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