And just as a summary post that encapsulates the answers better:
- If doing a regular serial upload, no need to change the
upload_protocol, the defaultarduinovalue for it (which gets passed ontoavrdude) already does that - chips must have the correct bootloader burned into them to be programmable via the serial interface
- bootloader must be programmed via an ISP capable programmer, e.g., an USB TinyASP. The
upload_protocolmust be changed in accordance to the documentation and the used programmer. - special care must be taken to select the right
board = ...for the given hardware, e.g., with resepect to the used crystal speed (8MHz vs 16MHz)